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Lensless Imaging of Whole Biologic Cells Developed Utilizing Soft X-Rays

By MedImaging International staff writers
Posted on 10 Jun 2010

Scientists are utilizing X-ray diffraction microscopy to generate images of whole yeast cells, achieving the highest resolution--11-13 nanometers-- the first ever obtained with this method for biologic specimens. More...

Their success indicates that full three-dimensional (3D) tomography of whole cells at an equivalent resolution should soon be possible.

The team of scientists is working on their project at beamline 9.0.1 of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley, CA, USA). "We have demonstrated that lensless imaging techniques can achieve very high resolution while overcoming the limitations of X-ray optics--limitations that include requiring 20 to 50 times the radiation exposure to get a magnified image of the sample,” said Dr. Chris Jacobsen, formerly of Stony Brook University (Stony Brook, NY, USA), now of Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, IL, USA) and Northwestern University (Evanston, IL, USA), who designed the lensless-imaging research program at beamline 9.0.1. "While at present it takes us a long time to image a single specimen--and full 3D imaging of hydrated cells will take even more work--this is a big step in the right direction.”

Three-dimensional imaging of whole cells under conditions close to those in nature, specifically a hydrated (watery) environment, was already achieved at the U.S. National Center for X-Ray Tomography at ALS beamline 2.1, under the direction of Dr. Carolyn Larabell of Berkeley Lab's physical biosciences division, where large numbers of cells can be processed in a short time at resolutions of 40-60 nm. The ability to increase resolution to the 10-nm range would considerably advance research in both biology and materials sciences. "Ten-nanometer resolution is easy to achieve with an electron microscope,” said Janos Kirz of the ALS, codesigner with Dr. Jacobsen of the lensless-imaging program. "The problem is that electron microscopy is limited to very thin samples, a few hundred nanometers or less--so you can't use it to look through a whole cell.”

Whereas X-rays have the ability to look deep into thick specimens, or right through them, imaging with a lens has its own difficulties. Even the best X-ray microscope lenses (concentric circles of metal known as Fresnel zone plates), cannot focus X-rays with high efficiency, so to get an image means using such intense radiation that it more quickly damages biological specimens. At the same time, the geometry of the highest-resolution zone plates makes for an extremely narrow depth of focus.

To get around these hurdles, a research team led by Dr. Jacobsen's students Johanna Nelson, Xiaojing Huang, and Jan Steinbrener--also of Stony Brook--utilized a lensless X-ray diffraction microscopy. To produce a high-resolution diffraction pattern from noncrystalline structures such as the membranes and organelles of a cell, the light has to be coherent, meaning, laser-like, having all the same frequency and phase. Beamline 9.0.1 was built to supply this kind of light.

As the scientists proceed through the cell, the coherent X-rays are scattered and differentially absorbed by the cell's internal structures. There is no lens either in front or behind the sample as the light passes through the cell and reaches the detector, so there is nothing to limit resolution or efficiency. However, the result looks nothing like an image. Instead, it is a pattern of dark and light speckles, the traces of the scattered X-rays. A computer, which acts as the "lens” in lensless imaging, uses these patterns to create an image. Dr. Stefano Marchesini, ALS beamline scientist for beamline 9.0.1, remarked, "The challenge of the lensless technique is that essentially the preparation and quality of the sample have to be perfect--and, ideally, completely isolated in the beam.”

The principle cannot be reached in reality, since the sample has to be supported. Furthermore, to image hydrated cells, the specimen has to be frozen, which introduces misleading data from the presence of ice. In November 2009, Dr. Jacobsen's team utilized the beamline 9.0.1 to image a frozen, fully hydrated yeast cell at a resolution of 25 nm--a resolution limited by ice. The current experiment's 10-13-nm resolution required using unhydrated, freeze-dried cells at room temperature.

Until recently, to produce an image, researchers had to know the precise shape of the sample's support and have a pretty good idea of the shape of the sample itself, before the computer could even start solving the diffraction patterns. A new algorithm written by Dr. Marchesini called "shrinkwrap” converges on the diffraction data through subsequent iterations, and finally differentiates and subtracts the support from the sample image.

Nevertheless, tens of thousands of iterations with both algorithms and manual modifications of the cell boundaries were needed to produce the current study's final image of a pair of yeast cells. Details emerged when the computer was instructed to represent differences in absorption with differences in image brightness, and differences in the phase of the light, altered by scattering, with differences in image color.

The relationship of a cell's internal structures can only be determined accurately by full 3D tomography. In a 2D image, these features are stacked one on top of another, and separating the planes is partly a matter of conjecture. Short of true 3D, it is possible to gain some sense of how the internal structures are arranged by focusing on different depths in the structure, then comparing these images with others of the same object made with different techniques.

In the current project, additional images of the same freeze-dried cells were made first by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (using a lens), which was of lower resolution but helped validate features at different planes, and then by scanning electron microscopy, which was of higher resolution but could only show surface details such as sugar molecules in the cell walls, which the researchers had labeled with gold particles to serve as position markers.

"True 3D of whole, hydrated, frozen cells at this very high resolution is our next step,” stated Dr. Jacobsen. "One ingredient is to rotate the frozen sample in the beam to get more depth information. Another is to scan the beam across the sample.”

Dr. Jacobsen's team is making progress using both techniques at beamline 9.0.1, but the present set-up, extraordinary as it is, requires what he calls "heroic” experimental efforts. To harvest the full benefits of lensless imaging with X-ray diffraction microscopy, he noted, will require a source of intense coherent light that can yield a thousand times the current data rate. "We'll want to readily tune the frequency of the light, and tune its energy to the optimum. And we'll need a sample stage that can easily tilt and rotate frozen samples, holding them in the beam for many exposures. These advances would mean we could do our experiments reasonably rather than heroically, and on a wider range of materials.”

In the meantime, X-ray diffraction microscopy at beamline 9.0.1 is showing the way to what lensless imaging can do, according to the investigators.

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49 (59.127807617188): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

50 (42.915344238281): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

51 (73.909759521484): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

52 (46.014785766602): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

53 (274.8966217041): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=294729723 LIMIT 1

54 (303.03001403809): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE id=294729723 LIMIT 1

55 (61.988830566406): SELECT a.* FROM jos_components AS a WHERE ( a.admin_menu_link = 'option=com_syndicate' OR a.admin_menu_link = 'option=com_syndicate&hidemainmenu=1' ) AND a.option = 'com_syndicate'

56 (61.03515625): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294729723 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

57 (657.08160400391): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294729723 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

58 (!!!!! 1606.9412231445): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

59 (72.002410888672): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

60 (186.20491027832): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

61 (108.00361633301): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

62 (125.88500976562): select cover from jos_number where journalid in (5) and cover is not null order by left(issue,2)+right(issue,2)*12 desc limit 1

63 (742.91229248047): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

64 (114.91775512695): SELECT id,name,sponsor_text FROM jos_deeppockets dp left outer join jos_channel_sponsor cs on dp.id=cs.fid WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id=211 ORDER BY `ordering`

65 (80.108642578125): select jos_twitters.link from jos_twitters where cat=10

66 (41.007995605469): select jos_facebook.link from jos_facebook where cat=10

67 (41.961669921875): select jos_google_plus.link from jos_google_plus where cat=10

68 (44.107437133789): select jos_linkedin.link from jos_linkedin where cat=10

69 (77.009201049805): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

70 (51.975250244141): SELECT id,name,sponsor_text FROM jos_deeppockets dp left outer join jos_channel_sponsor cs on dp.id=cs.fid WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id=211 ORDER BY `ordering`

71 (550.0316619873): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294729723 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

72 (391.96014404297): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294729723 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

73 (210.04676818848): SELECT id,name,title FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id != 294743300 AND id != 294743301 AND id != 294743302 AND id != 294743303 AND id != 294743304 AND id != 294743305 AND id != 294743306 AND id != 294743307 AND id != 294743308 AND id != 294743309 AND id != 294743310 AND metakey != 'aacc' ORDER BY `ordering`

74 (82.015991210938): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

75 (45.061111450195): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

76 (48.160552978516): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

77 (41.961669921875): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

78 (45.061111450195): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

79 (40.054321289062): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

80 (44.107437133789): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

81 (40.054321289062): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

82 (31.948089599609): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

83 (30.994415283203): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

84 (29.087066650391): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

85 (30.040740966797): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

86 (30.040740966797): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

87 (33.855438232422): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

88 (75.101852416992): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294729723 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

89 (33.855438232422): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294729723 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

90 (51.021575927734): SELECT id,name,title FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id != 294743300 AND id != 294743301 AND id != 294743302 AND id != 294743303 AND id != 294743304 AND id != 294743305 AND id != 294743306 AND id != 294743307 AND id != 294743308 AND id != 294743309 AND id != 294743310 AND metakey != 'aacc' ORDER BY `ordering`

91 (92.029571533203): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

92 (47.922134399414): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

93 (49.114227294922): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

94 (31.948089599609): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

95 (31.948089599609): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

96 (32.186508178711): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

97 (32.901763916016): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

98 (30.994415283203): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

99 (37.908554077148): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

100 (30.994415283203): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

101 (41.007995605469): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

102 (37.908554077148): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

103 (31.948089599609): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

104 (32.901763916016): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

105 (89.883804321289): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

106 (94.890594482422): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

107 (87.976455688477): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294729723 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

108 (69.856643676758): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294729723 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

109 (121.11663818359): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

110 (73.909759521484): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

111 (55.074691772461): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.id=294729723 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

112 (658.03527832031): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.id=294729723 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

113 (607.01370239258): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex ON ex.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2 ON dp2.id = dp.fid WHERE dp.author != 0 AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND ( (dp.fid = 294743300) OR (dp.fid = 294743301) OR (dp.fid = 294743302) OR (dp.fid = 294743303) OR (dp.fid = 294743304) OR (dp.fid = 294743305) OR (dp.fid = 294743306) OR (dp.fid = 294743307) OR (dp.fid = 294743308) OR (dp.fid = 294743309) OR (dp.fid = 294743310) ) ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1

114 (522.13668823242): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex ON ex.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2 ON dp2.id = dp.fid WHERE dp.author != 0 AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND ( (dp.fid = 294743300) OR (dp.fid = 294743301) OR (dp.fid = 294743302) OR (dp.fid = 294743303) OR (dp.fid = 294743304) OR (dp.fid = 294743305) OR (dp.fid = 294743306) OR (dp.fid = 294743307) OR (dp.fid = 294743308) OR (dp.fid = 294743309) OR (dp.fid = 294743310) ) ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1

115 (113.96408081055): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

116 (93.936920166016): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

117 (77.009201049805): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

118 (44.822692871094): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

119 (72.956085205078): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

120 (61.03515625): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

121 (47.922134399414): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

122 (40.054321289062): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

123 (393.15223693848): SELECT * FROM trending_articles WHERE `journal_id` = 10 AND `timestamp` <= NOW() + INTERVAL 7 DAY ORDER BY `order`

124 (!!!!! 24084.091186523): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE jos_deeppockets.cat = 10 AND jos_deeppockets.type = 'deeppockets_item' AND jos_deeppockets.published = 1 AND jos_deeppockets.created + INTERVAL 14 DAY >= NOW() ORDER BY jos_deeppockets.hits DESC LIMIT 7

125 (591.03965759277): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294729723 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294729723 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1

126 (!!!!! 8303.8806915283): ( SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.video != '' AND dp.video_source != '' AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) UNION ( SELECT dpa.id, dpa.name, dpa.title, dpa.video, dpa.video_source, dpa.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa WHERE dpa.video != '' AND dpa.video_source != '' AND dpa.cat = 10 AND dpa.published = 1 AND dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3

127 (181.91337585449): ( SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.video != '' AND dp.video_source != '' AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) UNION ( SELECT dpa.id, dpa.name, dpa.title, dpa.video, dpa.video_source, dpa.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa WHERE dpa.video != '' AND dpa.video_source != '' AND dpa.cat = 10 AND dpa.published = 1 AND dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3

128 (64.849853515625): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803337 LIMIT 1

129 (46.968460083008): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803337 LIMIT 1

130 (51.975250244141): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

131 (32.901763916016): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

132 (332.83233642578): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

133 (36.001205444336): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

134 (31.948089599609): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294802958 LIMIT 1

135 (28.848648071289): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294802958 LIMIT 1

136 (545.02487182617): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

137 (387.90702819824): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

138 (53.882598876953): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=211

139 (31.948089599609): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=211

140 (696.89750671387): SELECT *, DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up, DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down FROM jos_events WHERE state=1 AND publish_up > NOW() and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))211((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110) ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3

141 (665.90309143066): SELECT *, DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up, DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down FROM jos_events WHERE state=1 AND publish_up > NOW() and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))211((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110) ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3

142 (101.08947753906): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

143 (72.002410888672): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

144 (!!!!! 10069.131851196): TRUNCATE TABLE jos_trademed_module

145 (159.02519226074): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294729723 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

146 (84.161758422852): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294729723 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

147 (883.10241699219): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

148 (66.995620727539): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

149 (90.122222900391): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

150 (68.902969360352): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

151 (!!!!! 1236.2003326416): SELECT jos_item.* FROM jos_item INNER JOIN jos_number ON jos_item.numberID=jos_number.id WHERE 1=1 AND (jos_item.imgMini<>'') AND jos_item.type='L' AND jos_item.numberID= ( SELECT jos_number.id FROM jos_number WHERE jos_number.journalID IN (10) and jos_number.id in (select distinct jos_number.id from jos_number join jos_item on jos_item.numberid=jos_number.id where jos_item.type='P') ORDER BY (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,1,2),SIGNED) + (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,3,2),SIGNED)*100)) DESC LIMIT 0,1 ) ORDER BY RAND() DESC LIMIT 6

152 (69.141387939453): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

153 (50.067901611328): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

154 (40.054321289062): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294729723 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294729723 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1

155 (34.809112548828): select distinct links.* from jos_textlinks links join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=211 or channel_id is null)

156 (33.140182495117): select distinct links.* from jos_textlinks links join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=211 or channel_id is null)

157 (41.961669921875): SELECT livesite FROM jos_dp_categories WHERE id=10 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

158 (165.93933105469): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

159 (56.982040405273): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294729723 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

160 (59.127807617188): select jos_twitters.link from jos_twitters where cat=10

161 (32.901763916016): select jos_facebook.link from jos_facebook where cat=10

162 (30.994415283203): select jos_google_plus.link from jos_google_plus where cat=10

163 (30.994415283203): select jos_linkedin.link from jos_linkedin where cat=10

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Global AI in Medical Diagnostics Market to Be Driven by Demand for Image Recognition in Radiology

AI-Based Mammography Triage Software Helps Dramatically Improve Interpretation Process

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Program Accurately Predicts Lung Cancer Risk from CT Images

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GE HealthCare and NVIDIA Collaboration to Reimagine Diagnostic Imaging

Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Phantoms Transform CT Imaging

Siemens and Sectra Collaborate on Enhancing Radiology Workflows

Bracco Diagnostics and ColoWatch Partner to Expand Availability CRC Screening Tests Using Virtual Colonoscopy

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Lensless Imaging of Whole Biologic Cells Developed Utilizing Soft X-Rays

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