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MRI Shows Brain Inflammation in Vivo for the First Time

By MedImaging International staff writers
Posted on 30 May 2022
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Image: Researchers have obtained images of the activation of microglia and astrocytes using dw-MRI (Photo courtesy of Pexels)
Image: Researchers have obtained images of the activation of microglia and astrocytes using dw-MRI (Photo courtesy of Pexels)

Degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer's and other dementias, Parkinson's or multiple sclerosis are a pressing and difficult problem to address. Sustained activation of two types of brain cells, microglia and astrocytes leads to chronic inflammation in the brain that is one of the causes of neurodegeneration and contributes to its progression. However, there is a lack of non-invasive approaches capable of specifically characterizing brain inflammation in vivo. Now, researchers have obtained for the first time images of the activation of microglia and astrocytes, the two types of cells involved in neuroinflammation, using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (dw-MRI).

An innovative strategy developed by researchers at the Institute of Neurosciences CSIC-UMH (Alicante, Spain) has made this important breakthrough possible which may be crucial to change the course of the study and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The research has demonstrated that dw-MRI can noninvasively and differentially detect the activation of microglia and astrocytes, two types of brain cells that are at the basis of neuroinflammation and its progression.

The current gold standard for specifically characterizing brain inflammation in vivo is positron emission tomography (PET), but it is difficult to generalize and is associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, so its use is limited in vulnerable populations and in longitudinal studies, which require the use of PET repeatedly over a period of years, as is the case in neurodegenerative diseases. Another drawback of PET is its low spatial resolution, which makes it unsuitable for imaging small structures, with the added drawback that inflammation-specific radiotracers are expressed in multiple cell types (microglia, astrocytes and endothelium), making it impossible to differentiate between them.

In the face of these drawbacks, dw-MRI has the unique ability to image brain microstructure in vivo noninvasively and with high resolution by capturing the random movement of water molecules in the brain parenchyma to generate contrast in MRI images. In addition to demonstrating using dw-MRI allows imaging of microglial and astrocyte activation in the gray matter of the brain, the researchers have also shown that this technique is sensitive and specific for detecting inflammation with and without neurodegeneration, so that both conditions can be differentiated. In addition, dw-MRI makes it possible to discriminate between inflammation and demyelination characteristic of multiple sclerosis.

To validate the model, the researchers used an established paradigm of inflammation in rats based on intracerebral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this paradigm, neuronal viability and morphology are preserved, while inducing, first, an activation of microglia (the brain's immune system cells), and in a delayed manner, an astrocyte response. This temporal sequence of cellular events allows glial responses to be transiently dissociated from neuronal degeneration and the signature of reactive microglia investigated independently of astrogliosis.

To isolate the imprint of astrocyte activation, the researchers repeated the experiment by pretreating the animals with an inhibitor that temporarily ablates about 90% of microglia. Subsequently using an established paradigm of neuronal damage, they tested whether the model was able to unravel neuroinflammatory "footprints" with and without concomitant neurodegeneration. Finally, the researchers used an established paradigm of demyelination, based on focal administration of lysolecithin, to demonstrate that the biomarkers developed do not reflect the tissue alterations frequently found in brain disorders.

"This is the first time it has been shown that the signal from this type of MRI (dw-MRI) can detect microglial and astrocyte activation, with specific footprints for each cell population. This strategy we have used reflects the morphological changes validated post-mortem by quantitative immunohistochemistry," the researchers noted.

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89 (30.994415283203): SELECT id,name,title FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id != 294743300 AND id != 294743301 AND id != 294743302 AND id != 294743303 AND id != 294743304 AND id != 294743305 AND id != 294743306 AND id != 294743307 AND id != 294743308 AND id != 294743309 AND id != 294743310 AND metakey != 'aacc' ORDER BY `ordering`
90 (69.141387939453): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
91 (36.001205444336): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
92 (26.941299438477): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
93 (26.941299438477): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
94 (33.140182495117): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
95 (28.133392333984): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
96 (26.941299438477): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
97 (28.133392333984): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
98 (28.848648071289): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
99 (29.087066650391): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
100 (27.179718017578): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
101 (26.941299438477): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
102 (25.98762512207): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
103 (26.941299438477): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1
104 (65.088272094727): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
105 (46.014785766602): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
106 (55.074691772461): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294793134 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1
107 (54.836273193359): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294793134 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1
108 (123.97766113281): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
109 (70.095062255859): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
110 (49.114227294922): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.id=294793134 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1
111 (478.98292541504): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.id=294793134 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1
112 (785.11238098145): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex ON ex.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2 ON dp2.id = dp.fid WHERE dp.author != 0 AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND ( (dp.fid = 294743300) OR (dp.fid = 294743301) OR (dp.fid = 294743302) OR (dp.fid = 294743303) OR (dp.fid = 294743304) OR (dp.fid = 294743305) OR (dp.fid = 294743306) OR (dp.fid = 294743307) OR (dp.fid = 294743308) OR (dp.fid = 294743309) OR (dp.fid = 294743310) ) ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1
113 (524.04403686523): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex ON ex.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2 ON dp2.id = dp.fid WHERE dp.author != 0 AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND ( (dp.fid = 294743300) OR (dp.fid = 294743301) OR (dp.fid = 294743302) OR (dp.fid = 294743303) OR (dp.fid = 294743304) OR (dp.fid = 294743305) OR (dp.fid = 294743306) OR (dp.fid = 294743307) OR (dp.fid = 294743308) OR (dp.fid = 294743309) OR (dp.fid = 294743310) ) ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1
114 (382.90023803711): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
115 (78.201293945312): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
116 (298.97689819336): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
117 (109.91096496582): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
118 (91.791152954102): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
119 (56.982040405273): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
120 (333.07075500488): SELECT * FROM trending_articles WHERE `journal_id` = 10 AND `timestamp` <= NOW() + INTERVAL 7 DAY ORDER BY `order`
121 (!!!!! 17715.930938721): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE jos_deeppockets.cat = 10 AND jos_deeppockets.type = 'deeppockets_item' AND jos_deeppockets.published = 1 AND jos_deeppockets.created + INTERVAL 14 DAY >= NOW() ORDER BY jos_deeppockets.hits DESC LIMIT 7
122 (97.036361694336): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
123 (46.968460083008): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
124 (402.92739868164): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294793134 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294793134 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1
125 (!!!!! 512934.20791626): ( SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.video != '' AND dp.video_source != '' AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) UNION ( SELECT dpa.id, dpa.name, dpa.title, dpa.video, dpa.video_source, dpa.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa WHERE dpa.video != '' AND dpa.video_source != '' AND dpa.cat = 10 AND dpa.published = 1 AND dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3
126 (95.844268798828): ( SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.video != '' AND dp.video_source != '' AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) UNION ( SELECT dpa.id, dpa.name, dpa.title, dpa.video, dpa.video_source, dpa.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa WHERE dpa.video != '' AND dpa.video_source != '' AND dpa.cat = 10 AND dpa.published = 1 AND dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3
127 (37.908554077148): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294800513 LIMIT 1
128 (30.040740966797): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294800513 LIMIT 1
129 (40.054321289062): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294800359 LIMIT 1
130 (28.133392333984): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294800359 LIMIT 1
131 (30.040740966797): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294800361 LIMIT 1
132 (26.941299438477): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294800361 LIMIT 1
133 (740.05126953125): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1
134 (452.99530029297): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1
135 (494.00329589844): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=212
136 (34.093856811523): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=212
137 (493.04962158203): SELECT *, DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up, DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down FROM jos_events WHERE state=1 AND publish_up > NOW() and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))212((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110) ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3
138 (380.03921508789): SELECT *, DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up, DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down FROM jos_events WHERE state=1 AND publish_up > NOW() and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))212((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110) ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3
139 (176.90658569336): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
140 (128.98445129395): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
141 (!!!!! 12444.019317627): TRUNCATE TABLE jos_trademed_module
142 (106.0962677002): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294793134 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1
143 (69.856643676758): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294793134 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1
144 (577.92663574219): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1
145 (255.10787963867): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1
146 (246.04797363281): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
147 (99.897384643555): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
148 (!!!!! 2649.0688323975): SELECT jos_item.* FROM jos_item INNER JOIN jos_number ON jos_item.numberID=jos_number.id WHERE 1=1 AND (jos_item.imgMini<>'') AND jos_item.type='L' AND jos_item.numberID= ( SELECT jos_number.id FROM jos_number WHERE jos_number.journalID IN (10) and jos_number.id in (select distinct jos_number.id from jos_number join jos_item on jos_item.numberid=jos_number.id where jos_item.type='P') ORDER BY (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,1,2),SIGNED) + (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,3,2),SIGNED)*100)) DESC LIMIT 0,1 ) ORDER BY RAND() DESC LIMIT 6
149 (61.03515625): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
150 (46.014785766602): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
151 (44.822692871094): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294793134 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294793134 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1
152 (36.954879760742): select distinct links.* from jos_textlinks links join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=212 or channel_id is null)
153 (29.802322387695): select distinct links.* from jos_textlinks links join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=212 or channel_id is null)
154 (35.04753112793): SELECT livesite FROM jos_dp_categories WHERE id=10 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
155 (154.01840209961): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
156 (!!!!! 1307.9643249512): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294793134 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
157 (47.206878662109): select jos_twitters.link from jos_twitters where cat=10
158 (35.04753112793): select jos_facebook.link from jos_facebook where cat=10
159 (41.007995605469): select jos_google_plus.link from jos_google_plus where cat=10
160 (36.954879760742): select jos_linkedin.link from jos_linkedin where cat=10
161 (296.11587524414): update jos_bannersmanager_banner set impmade=impmade+1 where id in(14615,14202,14203)
162 (!!!!! 1125.8125305176): insert into jos_banners_delta values (14615,'2025-04-30 21:33:47','3.19.76.4','view'),(14202,'2025-04-30 21:33:47','3.19.76.4','view'),(14203,'2025-04-30 21:33:47','3.19.76.4','view')