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First-Of-Its-Kind Tool Analyzes MRI Scans to Measure Brain Aging

By MedImaging International staff writers
Posted on 25 Feb 2025
Image: A saliency map produced by the AI model displays average difference in saliency between cognitively normal participants in their 50s and 70s (Photo courtesy of Chenzhong Yin/USC)
Image: A saliency map produced by the AI model displays average difference in saliency between cognitively normal participants in their 50s and 70s (Photo courtesy of Chenzhong Yin/USC)

Biological age differs from chronological age, as two individuals of the same age may have distinct biological ages based on the functionality of their bodies and how the tissues appear at a cellular level. Faster brain aging is strongly linked to an increased risk of cognitive decline. Common biological age measures often rely on blood samples to assess epigenetic aging and DNA methylation, which affects gene function in cells. However, using blood samples to gauge biological age is ineffective for determining brain age. The blood-brain barrier prevents blood cells from entering the brain, meaning that blood samples cannot directly reflect aging processes such as DNA methylation in the brain. On the other hand, obtaining a sample directly from the brain is highly invasive, making it impractical to measure DNA methylation and other aging indicators from living human brain cells. Now, researchers have developed a new artificial intelligence (AI) model capable of non-invasively measuring the speed of brain aging, providing an invaluable tool for understanding and addressing cognitive decline and dementia. This innovative model analyzes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to track brain changes.

Earlier research at the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology (Los Angeles, CA, USA) revealed the potential of MRI scans to estimate brain biological age without invasive methods. In earlier studies, AI was used to compare a patient’s brain structure with data from MRI scans of thousands of individuals, assessing various ages and cognitive health outcomes. However, the previous model had limitations, as it relied on a single MRI scan to estimate brain age. Although it could indicate whether a patient’s brain was older than their chronological age, it could not determine when the accelerated aging occurred or whether the brain aging process was speeding up.

The researchers have developed a new three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) that offers a more accurate method to measure brain aging over time. Trained and validated on more than 3,000 MRI scans from cognitively normal adults, the model's predictive ability was detailed in a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Unlike traditional methods that rely on one-time scans, this new longitudinal approach compares baseline and follow-up MRI scans of the same person. This allows for a more precise identification of neuroanatomic changes associated with faster or slower brain aging. The 3D-CNN also produces “saliency maps,” which highlight the specific brain regions that most significantly influence aging speed.

When applied to 104 cognitively healthy adults and 140 Alzheimer’s disease patients, the model’s assessment of brain aging speed showed a close correlation with changes in cognitive function tests at both time points. The researchers suggest that this model could be instrumental in better understanding the trajectories of both healthy aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, its predictive capabilities could help identify the most effective treatments tailored to individual characteristics. The new model was also able to differentiate the rates of aging in various brain regions, providing insight into how genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors may influence brain pathology.

The study also noted differences in brain aging between the sexes, which may help explain why men and women face different risks for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s. The researchers are particularly excited about the potential of this new model to identify individuals experiencing accelerated brain aging before they exhibit any cognitive symptoms. With the introduction of new Alzheimer’s treatments, their effectiveness has been less than expected, possibly because patients have not begun treatment until significant brain pathology has already developed.

“This is a novel measurement that could change the way we track brain health both in the research lab and in the clinic,” said Andrei Irimia, associate professor of gerontology, biomedical engineering, quantitative & computational biology and neuroscience at the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology. “Knowing how fast one’s brain is aging can be powerful.”

Related Links:
USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology

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95 (!!!!! 12478.113174438): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.id=294804155 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1
96 (!!!!! 7841.1102294922): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex ON ex.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2 ON dp2.id = dp.fid WHERE dp.author != 0 AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND ( (dp.fid = 294743300) OR (dp.fid = 294743301) OR (dp.fid = 294743302) OR (dp.fid = 294743303) OR (dp.fid = 294743304) OR (dp.fid = 294743305) OR (dp.fid = 294743306) OR (dp.fid = 294743307) OR (dp.fid = 294743308) OR (dp.fid = 294743309) OR (dp.fid = 294743310) ) ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1
97 (!!!!! 5430.9368133545): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex ON ex.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2 ON dp2.id = dp.fid WHERE dp.author != 0 AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND ( (dp.fid = 294743300) OR (dp.fid = 294743301) OR (dp.fid = 294743302) OR (dp.fid = 294743303) OR (dp.fid = 294743304) OR (dp.fid = 294743305) OR (dp.fid = 294743306) OR (dp.fid = 294743307) OR (dp.fid = 294743308) OR (dp.fid = 294743309) OR (dp.fid = 294743310) ) ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1
98 (!!!!! 2879.1427612305): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
99 (118.97087097168): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
100 (877.85720825195): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
101 (78.916549682617): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
102 (759.12475585938): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
103 (286.10229492188): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
104 (974.89356994629): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
105 (89.883804321289): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
106 (354.05158996582): SELECT * FROM trending_articles WHERE `journal_id` = 10 AND `timestamp` <= NOW() + INTERVAL 7 DAY ORDER BY `order`
107 (!!!!! 65433.025360107): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE jos_deeppockets.cat = 10 AND jos_deeppockets.type = 'deeppockets_item' AND jos_deeppockets.published = 1 AND jos_deeppockets.created + INTERVAL 14 DAY >= NOW() ORDER BY jos_deeppockets.hits DESC LIMIT 7
108 (!!!!! 1358.0322265625): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294804155 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294804155 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1
109 (165.93933105469): ( SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.video != '' AND dp.video_source != '' AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) UNION ( SELECT dpa.id, dpa.name, dpa.title, dpa.video, dpa.video_source, dpa.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa WHERE dpa.video != '' AND dpa.video_source != '' AND dpa.cat = 10 AND dpa.published = 1 AND dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3
110 (355.95893859863): ( SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.video != '' AND dp.video_source != '' AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) UNION ( SELECT dpa.id, dpa.name, dpa.title, dpa.video, dpa.video_source, dpa.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa WHERE dpa.video != '' AND dpa.video_source != '' AND dpa.cat = 10 AND dpa.published = 1 AND dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3
111 (!!!!! 2125.0247955322): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803337 LIMIT 1
112 (!!!!! 2624.0348815918): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803337 LIMIT 1
113 (661.84997558594): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1
114 (53.882598876953): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1
115 (41.961669921875): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1
116 (53.167343139648): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1
117 (459.90943908691): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294802958 LIMIT 1
118 (166.17774963379): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294802958 LIMIT 1
119 (!!!!! 2570.8675384521): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1
120 (633.00132751465): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=212
121 (51.021575927734): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=212
122 (810.86158752441): SELECT *, DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up, DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down FROM jos_events WHERE state=1 AND publish_up > NOW() and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))212((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110) ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3
123 (!!!!! 3008.8424682617): SELECT *, DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up, DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down FROM jos_events WHERE state=1 AND publish_up > NOW() and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))212((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110) ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3
124 (!!!!! 3848.0758666992): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
125 (76.055526733398): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
126 (!!!!! 14789.10446167): TRUNCATE TABLE jos_trademed_module
127 (!!!!! 4098.8922119141): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294804155 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1
128 (!!!!! 1097.9175567627): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1
129 (!!!!! 4049.0627288818): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1
130 (!!!!! 3628.9691925049): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
131 (!!!!! 1334.9056243896): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
132 (!!!!! 1760.9596252441): SELECT jos_item.* FROM jos_item INNER JOIN jos_number ON jos_item.numberID=jos_number.id WHERE 1=1 AND (jos_item.imgMini<>'') AND jos_item.type='L' AND jos_item.numberID= ( SELECT jos_number.id FROM jos_number WHERE jos_number.journalID IN (10) and jos_number.id in (select distinct jos_number.id from jos_number join jos_item on jos_item.numberid=jos_number.id where jos_item.type='P') ORDER BY (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,1,2),SIGNED) + (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,3,2),SIGNED)*100)) DESC LIMIT 0,1 ) ORDER BY RAND() DESC LIMIT 6
133 (110.86463928223): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
134 (69.141387939453): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
135 (!!!!! 3021.0018157959): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294804155 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294804155 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1
136 (!!!!! 3964.900970459): select distinct links.* from jos_textlinks links join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=212 or channel_id is null)
137 (101.08947753906): select distinct links.* from jos_textlinks links join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=212 or channel_id is null)
138 (38.14697265625): SELECT livesite FROM jos_dp_categories WHERE id=10 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
139 (!!!!! 3813.9820098877): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
140 (153.0647277832): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294804155 AND published='1' LIMIT 1
141 (124.93133544922): select jos_twitters.link from jos_twitters where cat=10
142 (40.054321289062): select jos_facebook.link from jos_facebook where cat=10
143 (35.04753112793): select jos_google_plus.link from jos_google_plus where cat=10
144 (30.040740966797): select jos_linkedin.link from jos_linkedin where cat=10