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By MedImaging International staff writers Posted on 26 Mar 2019
Image: The Visual R2* SN changes from baseline to one year follow-up (Photo courtesy of Thomas Tourdias/ CHU Bordeaux).
Measuring iron content in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could provide a clearer understanding of the consequences of a stroke, according to a new study.
Researchers at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux (France), Neurocentre Magendie (Bordeaux, France), and other institutions in France conducted a study to assess longitudinal changes in the substantia nigra (SN) in 181 patients who had suffered an ipsilesional supratentorial infarct, using an MRI technique called R2*. Study participants were evaluated once at 24–72 hours after the stroke (baseline visit), and again one year later.
The SN was segmented bilaterally to calculate an R2* asymmetry index (SN-AI); greater SN-AI indicated greater relative R2* in the ipsilateral compared with contralateral side. The 95th percentile of R2* was then compared according to infarct location. The results revealed that one year after a baseline, some of the patients showed higher iron content in the SN. High iron content was found to be associated with worse long-term outcomes, particularly when it was found on the same side of the brain that the stroke occurred. The study was published on March 12, 2019, in Radiology.
“Overall, the SN is strongly involved in motor control, but also in regulation of emotions, cognition, and motivation. Usually, stroke doesn't directly affect the SN but, by interrupting circuits, stroke can induce secondary degeneration of that area,” said senior author Professor Thomas Tourdias, MD, PhD, of CHU Bordeaux. “We showed that imaging of iron can also be used to image degeneration remotely from stroke in disconnected areas. This finding could be clinically useful, because it shows that a simple magnetic resonance imaging method such as R2* can provide a more comprehensive picture of the consequences of an infarct.”
The SN is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain discovered in 1784 by Félix Vicq-d'Azyr. It is the largest nucleus in the midbrain. Humans have two SN, one on each side of the midline. It plays an important part in brain function, including eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning and addiction. Many of the SN’s effects are mediated through the striatum, and the SN also serves as a major source of GABAergic inhibition to various brain targets. The SN is critical in the development of many diseases and syndromes, including Parkinson's disease, which is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN.
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AND id != 294743302
AND id != 294743303
AND id != 294743304
AND id != 294743305
AND id != 294743306
AND id != 294743307
AND id != 294743308
AND id != 294743309
AND id != 294743310
AND metakey != 'aacc'
ORDER BY `ordering`90
(88.930130004883): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 191
(47.922134399414): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 192
(46.968460083008): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 193
(34.809112548828): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 194
(45.061111450195): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 195
(36.001205444336): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 196
(37.908554077148): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 197
(36.001205444336): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 198
(37.193298339844): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 199
(36.001205444336): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1100
(37.193298339844): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1101
(51.975250244141): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1102
(36.001205444336): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1103
(36.001205444336): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1104
(107.0499420166): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1105
(82.015991210938): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1106
(84.161758422852): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp
LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp
ON exp.id = dp.author
LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch
ON dp.fid = ch.id
WHERE 1=1
AND dp.cat=10
AND dp.id=294777391
AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link')
AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1107
(68.902969360352): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp
LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp
ON exp.id = dp.author
LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch
ON dp.fid = ch.id
WHERE 1=1
AND dp.cat=10
AND dp.id=294777391
AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link')
AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1108
(105.14259338379): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1109
(66.995620727539): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1110
(72.002410888672): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp
LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp
ON exp.id = dp.author
LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch
ON dp.fid = ch.id
WHERE 1=1
AND dp.id=294777391
AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link')
AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1111
(675.20141601562): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp
LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp
ON exp.id = dp.author
LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch
ON dp.fid = ch.id
WHERE 1=1
AND dp.id=294777391
AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link')
AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1112
(808.9542388916): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp
LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex
ON ex.id = dp.author
LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2
ON dp2.id = dp.fid
WHERE dp.author != 0
AND dp.cat = 10
AND dp.published = 1
AND (
(dp.fid = 294743300)
OR (dp.fid = 294743301)
OR (dp.fid = 294743302)
OR (dp.fid = 294743303)
OR (dp.fid = 294743304)
OR (dp.fid = 294743305)
OR (dp.fid = 294743306)
OR (dp.fid = 294743307)
OR (dp.fid = 294743308)
OR (dp.fid = 294743309)
OR (dp.fid = 294743310)
)
ORDER BY RAND()
LIMIT 1113
(859.02214050293): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp
LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex
ON ex.id = dp.author
LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2
ON dp2.id = dp.fid
WHERE dp.author != 0
AND dp.cat = 10
AND dp.published = 1
AND (
(dp.fid = 294743300)
OR (dp.fid = 294743301)
OR (dp.fid = 294743302)
OR (dp.fid = 294743303)
OR (dp.fid = 294743304)
OR (dp.fid = 294743305)
OR (dp.fid = 294743306)
OR (dp.fid = 294743307)
OR (dp.fid = 294743308)
OR (dp.fid = 294743309)
OR (dp.fid = 294743310)
)
ORDER BY RAND()
LIMIT 1114
(196.93374633789): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1115
(80.108642578125): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1116
(117.06352233887): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1117
(65.803527832031): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1118
(85.115432739258): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1119
(60.796737670898): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1120
(110.14938354492): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1121
(61.03515625): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1122
(396.0132598877): SELECT * FROM trending_articles WHERE `journal_id` = 10 AND `timestamp` <= NOW() + INTERVAL 7 DAY ORDER BY `order`123
(!!!!! 26234.865188599): SELECT
*
FROM
jos_deeppockets
WHERE
jos_deeppockets.cat = 10
AND
jos_deeppockets.type = 'deeppockets_item'
AND
jos_deeppockets.published = 1
AND
jos_deeppockets.created + INTERVAL 14 DAY >= NOW()
ORDER BY
jos_deeppockets.hits DESC
LIMIT
7124
(629.90188598633): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294777391 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294777391 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1125
(!!!!! 10216.951370239): (
SELECT
dp.id,
dp.name,
dp.title,
dp.video,
dp.video_source,
dp.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets AS dp
WHERE
dp.video != ''
AND
dp.video_source != ''
AND
dp.cat = 10
AND
dp.published = 1
AND
dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link'
ORDER BY
created DESC
LIMIT
3
)
UNION
(
SELECT
dpa.id,
dpa.name,
dpa.title,
dpa.video,
dpa.video_source,
dpa.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa
WHERE
dpa.video != ''
AND
dpa.video_source != ''
AND
dpa.cat = 10
AND
dpa.published = 1
AND
dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link'
ORDER BY
created DESC
LIMIT
3
)
ORDER BY
created DESC
LIMIT
3126
(155.92575073242): (
SELECT
dp.id,
dp.name,
dp.title,
dp.video,
dp.video_source,
dp.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets AS dp
WHERE
dp.video != ''
AND
dp.video_source != ''
AND
dp.cat = 10
AND
dp.published = 1
AND
dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link'
ORDER BY
created DESC
LIMIT
3
)
UNION
(
SELECT
dpa.id,
dpa.name,
dpa.title,
dpa.video,
dpa.video_source,
dpa.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa
WHERE
dpa.video != ''
AND
dpa.video_source != ''
AND
dpa.cat = 10
AND
dpa.published = 1
AND
dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link'
ORDER BY
created DESC
LIMIT
3
)
ORDER BY
created DESC
LIMIT
3127
(456.09474182129): SELECT
dp.id,
dp.name,
dp.title,
dp.video,
dp.video_source,
dp.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets AS dp
WHERE
dp.id = 294803337
LIMIT 1128
(59.127807617188): SELECT
dp.id,
dp.name,
dp.title,
dp.video,
dp.video_source,
dp.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets AS dp
WHERE
dp.id = 294803337
LIMIT 1129
(324.01084899902): SELECT
dp.id,
dp.name,
dp.title,
dp.video,
dp.video_source,
dp.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets AS dp
WHERE
dp.id = 294803276
LIMIT 1130
(56.028366088867): SELECT
dp.id,
dp.name,
dp.title,
dp.video,
dp.video_source,
dp.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets AS dp
WHERE
dp.id = 294803276
LIMIT 1131
(242.94853210449): SELECT
dp.id,
dp.name,
dp.title,
dp.video,
dp.video_source,
dp.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets_archive AS dp
WHERE
dp.id = 294803276
LIMIT 1132
(36.001205444336): SELECT
dp.id,
dp.name,
dp.title,
dp.video,
dp.video_source,
dp.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets_archive AS dp
WHERE
dp.id = 294803276
LIMIT 1133
(246.04797363281): SELECT
dp.id,
dp.name,
dp.title,
dp.video,
dp.video_source,
dp.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets AS dp
WHERE
dp.id = 294802958
LIMIT 1134
(102.04315185547): SELECT
dp.id,
dp.name,
dp.title,
dp.video,
dp.video_source,
dp.created
FROM
jos_deeppockets AS dp
WHERE
dp.id = 294802958
LIMIT 1135
(491.14227294922): SELECT *
FROM jos_deeppockets
WHERE 1=1
AND id=294777391
AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link')
AND published='1'
LIMIT 1136
(332.11708068848): SELECT *
FROM jos_deeppockets_archive
WHERE 1=1
AND id=294777391
AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link')
AND published='1'
LIMIT 1137
(203.13262939453): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=212138
(36.954879760742): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=212139
(701.904296875): SELECT *,
DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up,
DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down
FROM jos_events
WHERE state=1
AND publish_up > NOW()
and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))212((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110)
ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3140
(502.10952758789): SELECT *,
DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up,
DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down
FROM jos_events
WHERE state=1
AND publish_up > NOW()
and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))212((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110)
ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3141
(82.969665527344): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1142
(46.014785766602): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1143
(!!!!! 9847.87940979): TRUNCATE TABLE jos_trademed_module144
(102.04315185547): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp
LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp
ON exp.id = dp.author
LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch
ON dp.fid = ch.id
WHERE 1=1
AND dp.cat=10
AND dp.id=294777391
AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link')
AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1145
(56.982040405273): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp
LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp
ON exp.id = dp.author
LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch
ON dp.fid = ch.id
WHERE 1=1
AND dp.cat=10
AND dp.id=294777391
AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link')
AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1146
(598.90747070312): SELECT *
FROM jos_deeppockets
WHERE 1=1
AND id=294777391
AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1147
(64.13459777832): SELECT *
FROM jos_deeppockets
WHERE 1=1
AND id=294777391
AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1148
(56.982040405273): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1149
(47.922134399414): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1150
(!!!!! 1116.0373687744): SELECT jos_item.*
FROM jos_item INNER JOIN jos_number ON jos_item.numberID=jos_number.id
WHERE 1=1
AND (jos_item.imgMini<>'')
AND jos_item.type='L'
AND jos_item.numberID= (
SELECT jos_number.id
FROM jos_number
WHERE jos_number.journalID IN (10)
and jos_number.id in (select distinct jos_number.id from jos_number join jos_item on jos_item.numberid=jos_number.id where jos_item.type='P')
ORDER BY (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,1,2),SIGNED) + (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,3,2),SIGNED)*100)) DESC
LIMIT 0,1
)
ORDER BY RAND() DESC LIMIT 6151
(95.129013061523): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1152
(66.041946411133): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1153
(44.107437133789): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294777391 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294777391 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1154
(452.99530029297): select distinct links.*
from jos_textlinks links
join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id
where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=212 or channel_id is null)155
(41.961669921875): select distinct links.*
from jos_textlinks links
join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id
where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=212 or channel_id is null)156
(36.001205444336): SELECT livesite FROM jos_dp_categories WHERE id=10 AND published='1' LIMIT 1157
(66.995620727539): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1158
(45.061111450195): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
union
SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294777391 AND published='1'
LIMIT 1159
(121.11663818359): select jos_twitters.link from jos_twitters where cat=10160
(39.815902709961): select jos_facebook.link from jos_facebook where cat=10161
(36.001205444336): select jos_google_plus.link from jos_google_plus where cat=10162
(36.954879760742): select jos_linkedin.link from jos_linkedin where cat=10
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