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MR Spectroscopy Reveals Brain Chemical May Help in Managing Tourette Syndrome Tics

By MedImaging International staff writers
Posted on 09 Oct 2014

Image: University of Nottingham’s Amelia Draper, one of the researchers who found by utilizing magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) that the brain plays a vital role in controlling the involuntary movements and vocal tics associated with Tourette syndrome (Photo courtesy of the University of Nottingham).

A chemical in the brain plays a vital role in controlling the involuntary movements and vocal tics associated with Tourette syndrome (TS), a new imaging study has shown.

The research, conducted by psychologists from the University of Nottingham (UK), published September 22, 2014, in the journal Current Biology, could offer a potential new target for the development of more effective treatments to suppress these unwanted symptoms.

The study, led by PhD student Amelia Draper under the supervision of Prof. Stephen Jackson, found that higher levels of a neurochemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in a region of the brain known as the supplementary motor area (SMA) helps to suppress hyperactivity in the cortical areas that produce movement. By reducing this hyperactivity, only the strongest signals would get through and generate a movement.

Ms. Draper said, “This result is significant because new brain stimulation techniques can be used to increase or decrease GABA in targeted areas of the cortex. It may be possible that such techniques to adjust the levels of GABA in the SMA could help young people with TS gain greater control over their tics.”

TS is a developmental disorder associated with these involuntary and repetitive vocal and movement tics. Although the exact cause of TS is unknown, research has shown that people with TS have alterations in their brain “circuitry” that are involved in producing and controlling motor functions. Both the primary motor cortex (M1) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) are thought to be hyperactive in the brains of those with TS, causing the tics, which can be both disconcerting and disruptive, especially for children who often find it difficult to concentrate at school.

Tics can be partially controlled by many people with TS but this frequently takes enormous mental energy and can leave them exhausted towards the end of the day and can often make their tics more frequent and excessive when they “relax.” Most people diagnosed with TS in childhood manage to gain control over their tics gradually until they have only mild symptoms by early adulthood but this is often too late for some people who have had their education and social friendships disrupted.

The scientists used a technique called magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in a 7 Tesla MR imaging (MRI) scanner to measure the concentration neurotransmitters which offer an indication of brain activity. The chemicals were measured in the M1, the SMA and an area involved in visual processing (V1) which was used as a control (comparison) site. They tested a group of young people with TS and a matched group of typical young people with no known disorders. They discovered that the people with TS had higher concentrations of GABA, which suppresses neuronal activity, in the SMA. They used other neuroscience techniques to explore the result in greater detail, finding that having more GABA in the SMA meant that the people with Tourette syndrome had less activity in the SMA when asked to perform a simple motor task, in this case tapping their finger, which they were able to measure using functional MRI.

Using another technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in which a magnetic field is passed over the brain to stimulate neuron activity, they found that those with the most GABA dampen down the brain activity in the M1 when preparing to make a movement. In contrast, the typically developing group increased their activity during movement preparation.

Ultimately, the investigators considered how GABA was tied to brain structure, specifically the white matter fiber bundles that connect the two hemispheres of the brain, a structure called the corpus callosum. They discovered that those with the highest levels of GABA also had the most connecting fibers, leading them to conclude that the more connecting fibers there are then the more excitatory signals are being produced leading to the need for even more GABA to calm this excess hyperactivity.

The findings could lead the way to more targeted approaches to controlling tics. New brain techniques such as transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS), a form of neurostimulation which uses constant, low level electrical current delivered directly to the brain via electrodes, has already been shown to be successful in increasing or decreasing GABA in targeted areas of the cortex.

Prof. Jackson added, “This finding is paradoxical because prior to our finding, most scientists working on this topic would have thought that GABA levels in TS would be reduced and not increased as we show. This is because a distinction should be made between brain changes that are causes of the disorder [e.g., reduced GABA cells in some key brain areas] and secondary consequences of the disorder [e.g., increased release of GABA in key brain areas] that act to reduce the effects of the disorder.”

New tDCS devices, similar to commercially-available TENS machines, could potentially be produced to be used by young people with TS to “train” their brains to help them gain control over their tics, offering the benefit that they could be comparatively inexpensive and could be used in the home while performing other tasks such as watching television.

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56 (632.04765319824): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294755064 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

57 (!!!!! 1333.9519500732): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

58 (67.949295043945): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

59 (166.89300537109): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

60 (58.174133300781): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

61 (169.03877258301): select cover from jos_number where journalid in (5) and cover is not null order by left(issue,2)+right(issue,2)*12 desc limit 1

62 (743.86596679688): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

63 (495.19538879395): SELECT id,name,sponsor_text FROM jos_deeppockets dp left outer join jos_channel_sponsor cs on dp.id=cs.fid WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id=212 ORDER BY `ordering`

64 (82.015991210938): select jos_twitters.link from jos_twitters where cat=10

65 (46.968460083008): select jos_facebook.link from jos_facebook where cat=10

66 (47.922134399414): select jos_google_plus.link from jos_google_plus where cat=10

67 (45.061111450195): select jos_linkedin.link from jos_linkedin where cat=10

68 (71.048736572266): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

69 (49.114227294922): SELECT id,name,sponsor_text FROM jos_deeppockets dp left outer join jos_channel_sponsor cs on dp.id=cs.fid WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id=212 ORDER BY `ordering`

70 (377.89344787598): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294755064 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

71 (320.9114074707): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294755064 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

72 (62.227249145508): SELECT id,name,title FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id != 294743300 AND id != 294743301 AND id != 294743302 AND id != 294743303 AND id != 294743304 AND id != 294743305 AND id != 294743306 AND id != 294743307 AND id != 294743308 AND id != 294743309 AND id != 294743310 AND metakey != 'aacc' ORDER BY `ordering`

73 (73.909759521484): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

74 (35.04753112793): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

75 (28.848648071289): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

76 (29.087066650391): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

77 (30.994415283203): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

78 (28.848648071289): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

79 (28.848648071289): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

80 (29.087066650391): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

81 (27.894973754883): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

82 (36.954879760742): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

83 (41.007995605469): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

84 (39.100646972656): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

85 (41.961669921875): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

86 (40.054321289062): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

87 (60.081481933594): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294755064 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

88 (44.107437133789): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294755064 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

89 (50.067901611328): SELECT id,name,title FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id != 294743300 AND id != 294743301 AND id != 294743302 AND id != 294743303 AND id != 294743304 AND id != 294743305 AND id != 294743306 AND id != 294743307 AND id != 294743308 AND id != 294743309 AND id != 294743310 AND metakey != 'aacc' ORDER BY `ordering`

90 (51.021575927734): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

91 (31.948089599609): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

92 (29.087066650391): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

93 (28.848648071289): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

94 (36.954879760742): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

95 (29.087066650391): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

96 (41.007995605469): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

97 (37.193298339844): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

98 (70.810317993164): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

99 (43.153762817383): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

100 (43.869018554688): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

101 (36.954879760742): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

102 (41.961669921875): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

103 (36.954879760742): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

104 (107.0499420166): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

105 (67.949295043945): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

106 (81.062316894531): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294755064 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

107 (74.148178100586): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294755064 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

108 (115.15617370605): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

109 (81.777572631836): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

110 (70.095062255859): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.id=294755064 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

111 (784.15870666504): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.id=294755064 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

112 (816.10679626465): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex ON ex.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2 ON dp2.id = dp.fid WHERE dp.author != 0 AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND ( (dp.fid = 294743300) OR (dp.fid = 294743301) OR (dp.fid = 294743302) OR (dp.fid = 294743303) OR (dp.fid = 294743304) OR (dp.fid = 294743305) OR (dp.fid = 294743306) OR (dp.fid = 294743307) OR (dp.fid = 294743308) OR (dp.fid = 294743309) OR (dp.fid = 294743310) ) ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1

113 (482.79762268066): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex ON ex.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2 ON dp2.id = dp.fid WHERE dp.author != 0 AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND ( (dp.fid = 294743300) OR (dp.fid = 294743301) OR (dp.fid = 294743302) OR (dp.fid = 294743303) OR (dp.fid = 294743304) OR (dp.fid = 294743305) OR (dp.fid = 294743306) OR (dp.fid = 294743307) OR (dp.fid = 294743308) OR (dp.fid = 294743309) OR (dp.fid = 294743310) ) ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1

114 (205.03997802734): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

115 (74.863433837891): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

116 (176.90658569336): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

117 (113.96408081055): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

118 (77.962875366211): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

119 (61.03515625): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

120 (61.988830566406): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

121 (41.961669921875): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

122 (473.97613525391): SELECT * FROM trending_articles WHERE `journal_id` = 10 AND `timestamp` <= NOW() + INTERVAL 7 DAY ORDER BY `order`

123 (!!!!! 25020.837783813): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE jos_deeppockets.cat = 10 AND jos_deeppockets.type = 'deeppockets_item' AND jos_deeppockets.published = 1 AND jos_deeppockets.created + INTERVAL 14 DAY >= NOW() ORDER BY jos_deeppockets.hits DESC LIMIT 7

124 (591.03965759277): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294755064 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294755064 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1

125 (!!!!! 8124.1130828857): ( SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.video != '' AND dp.video_source != '' AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) UNION ( SELECT dpa.id, dpa.name, dpa.title, dpa.video, dpa.video_source, dpa.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa WHERE dpa.video != '' AND dpa.video_source != '' AND dpa.cat = 10 AND dpa.published = 1 AND dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3

126 (108.00361633301): ( SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.video != '' AND dp.video_source != '' AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) UNION ( SELECT dpa.id, dpa.name, dpa.title, dpa.video, dpa.video_source, dpa.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa WHERE dpa.video != '' AND dpa.video_source != '' AND dpa.cat = 10 AND dpa.published = 1 AND dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3

127 (47.922134399414): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803337 LIMIT 1

128 (36.001205444336): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803337 LIMIT 1

129 (48.160552978516): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

130 (30.040740966797): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

131 (334.9781036377): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

132 (65.803527832031): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

133 (41.961669921875): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294802958 LIMIT 1

134 (28.848648071289): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294802958 LIMIT 1

135 (472.06878662109): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

136 (334.02442932129): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

137 (247.95532226562): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=212

138 (34.809112548828): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=212

139 (945.09124755859): SELECT *, DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up, DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down FROM jos_events WHERE state=1 AND publish_up > NOW() and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))212((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110) ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3

140 (582.93342590332): SELECT *, DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up, DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down FROM jos_events WHERE state=1 AND publish_up > NOW() and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))212((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110) ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3

141 (76.055526733398): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

142 (53.882598876953): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

143 (!!!!! 8949.0413665771): TRUNCATE TABLE jos_trademed_module

144 (83.208084106445): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294755064 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

145 (123.02398681641): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294755064 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

146 (789.88075256348): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

147 (276.08871459961): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

148 (!!!!! 3964.900970459): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

149 (83.92333984375): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

150 (!!!!! 3216.028213501): SELECT jos_item.* FROM jos_item INNER JOIN jos_number ON jos_item.numberID=jos_number.id WHERE 1=1 AND (jos_item.imgMini<>'') AND jos_item.type='L' AND jos_item.numberID= ( SELECT jos_number.id FROM jos_number WHERE jos_number.journalID IN (10) and jos_number.id in (select distinct jos_number.id from jos_number join jos_item on jos_item.numberid=jos_number.id where jos_item.type='P') ORDER BY (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,1,2),SIGNED) + (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,3,2),SIGNED)*100)) DESC LIMIT 0,1 ) ORDER BY RAND() DESC LIMIT 6

151 (86.069107055664): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

152 (67.949295043945): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

153 (322.81875610352): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294755064 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294755064 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1

154 (40.054321289062): select distinct links.* from jos_textlinks links join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=212 or channel_id is null)

155 (31.948089599609): select distinct links.* from jos_textlinks links join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=212 or channel_id is null)

156 (332.11708068848): SELECT livesite FROM jos_dp_categories WHERE id=10 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

157 (190.01960754395): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

158 (67.949295043945): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294755064 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

159 (53.882598876953): select jos_twitters.link from jos_twitters where cat=10

160 (30.040740966797): select jos_facebook.link from jos_facebook where cat=10

161 (28.848648071289): select jos_google_plus.link from jos_google_plus where cat=10

162 (29.802322387695): select jos_linkedin.link from jos_linkedin where cat=10

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