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fMRI Reveals Brain Region Responsible for Sense of Personal Space

By MedImaging International staff writers
Posted on 21 Sep 2009

In a discovery that provides new insights into the neural mechanisms involved in social behavior, neuroscientists have located the brain structure responsible for a person's sense of personal space. The discovery could offer insight into autism and other disorders where social distance is an issue.

The structure, the amygdala--a pair of almond-shaped regions located in the medial temporal lobes--was previously known to process strong negative emotions, such as anger and fear, and is considered the seat of emotion in the brain. However, it had never been linked rigorously to real-life human social interaction.

The scientists, led by Dr. Ralph Adolphs, a professor of psychology and neuroscience and professor of biology and postdoctoral scholar Dr. Daniel P. Kennedy, both from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech; Pasadena, USA) were able to make this link with the help of a unique patient, a 42-year-old woman, who has extensive damage to the amygdala on both sides of her brain. "[She] is unique, because she is one of only a handful of individuals in the world with such a clear bilateral lesion of the amygdala, which gives us an opportunity to study the role of the amygdala in humans,” said Dr. Kennedy, the lead author of the new research, described in the August 30, 2009, issue of the journal Nature Neuroscience.

The patient has difficulty recognizing fear in the faces of others, and in judging the trustworthiness of someone, two consequences of amygdala lesions that Dr. Adolphs and colleagues published in prior studies. During his years of studying her, Dr. Adolphs also noticed that the very outgoing the patient is almost too friendly, to the point of "violating” what others might perceive as their own personal space. "She is extremely friendly, and she wants to approach people more than normal. It's something that immediately becomes apparent as you interact with her,” remarked Dr. Kennedy.

Previous studies of humans never had revealed an association between the amygdala and personal space. From their knowledge of the literature, however, the researchers knew that monkeys with amygdala lesions preferred to stay in closer proximity to other monkeys and humans than did healthy monkeys. Intrigued by the patient's unusual social behavior, Drs. Adolphs, Kennedy, and their colleagues devised a simple experiment to quantify and compare her sense of personal space with that of healthy volunteers.

The experiment used what is known as the stop-distance technique. Briefly, the subject (this patient or one of 20 other volunteers, representing a cross-section of ages, ethnicities, educations, and genders) stands a predetermined distance from an experimenter, then walks toward the experimenter and stops at the point where they feel most comfortable. The chin-to-chin distance between the subject and the experimenter is determined with a digital laser measurer.

Among the 20 other study participants, the average preferred distance was 0.64 meters--about two feet. The patient preferred distance was only 0.34 meters. Unlike other subjects, who reported feelings of discomfort when the experimenter went closer than their preferred distance, there was no point at which the patient became uncomfortable; even nose-to-nose, she was at ease. Furthermore, her preferred distance did not change based on who the experimenter was and how well she knew them.

"Respecting someone's space is a critical aspect of human social interaction, and something we do automatically and effortlessly,” Dr. Kennedy said. "These findings suggest that the amygdala, because it is necessary for the strong feelings of discomfort that help to repel people from one another, plays a central role in this process. They also help to expand our understanding of the role of the amygdala in real-world social interactions.”

Dr. Adolphs and colleagues then utilized a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner to examine the activation of the amygdala in a separate group of healthy subjects who were told when an experimenter was either in close proximity or far away from them. When in the fMRI scanner, subjects could not see, feel, or hear the experimenter; nevertheless, their amygdalae lit up when they believed the experimenter to be close by. No activity was detected when subjects thought the experimenter was on the other side of the room. "It was just the idea of another person being there, or not, that triggered the amygdala,” Dr. Kennedy said. The study revealed, he noted, that "the amygdala is involved in regulating social distance, independent of the specific sensory cues that are typically present when someone is standing close, like sounds, sights, and smells.”

The researchers believe that interpersonal distance is not something we consciously think about, although, unlike this patient, individuals become acutely aware when their space is violated. Dr. Kennedy recounted his own experience with having his personal space violated during a wedding, "I felt really uncomfortable, and almost fell over a chair while backing up to get some space.”

Across cultures, accepted interpersonal distances can vary considerably, with individuals who live in cultures where space is at a premium (such as, China or Japan) seemingly tolerant of much closer distances than individuals in the United States, for example. (Meanwhile, preferred personal distance can vary depending on our situation, making people far more willing to accept less space in a crowded subway car than one would be at the office.)

One explanation for this difference, according to Dr. Kennedy, is that cultural preferences and experiences affect the brain over time and how it responds in particular situations. "If you are in a culture where standing close to someone is the norm, you'd learn that was acceptable and your personal space would vary accordingly,” he noted. "Even then, if you violate the accepted cultural distance, it will make people uncomfortable, and the amygdala will drive that feeling.”

The findings may have relevance to studies of autism, a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to interact socially and communicate with others. "We are really interested in looking at personal space in people with autism, especially given findings of amygdala dysfunction in autism. We know that some people with autism do have problems with personal space and have to be taught what it is and why it's important,” Dr. Kennedy said.

Dr. Kennedy also added a word of caution, "It's clear that amygdala dysfunction cannot account for all the social impairments in autism, but likely contributes to some of them and is definitely something that needs to be studied further.”

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48 (116.82510375977): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

49 (51.975250244141): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

50 (49.829483032227): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

51 (43.153762817383): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

52 (79.870223999023): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

53 (46.968460083008): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

54 (417.94776916504): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=294725473 LIMIT 1

55 (221.96769714355): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE id=294725473 LIMIT 1

56 (67.949295043945): SELECT a.* FROM jos_components AS a WHERE ( a.admin_menu_link = 'option=com_syndicate' OR a.admin_menu_link = 'option=com_syndicate&hidemainmenu=1' ) AND a.option = 'com_syndicate'

57 (90.122222900391): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294725473 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

58 (612.97416687012): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294725473 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

59 (!!!!! 1719.9516296387): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

60 (!!!!! 1583.0993652344): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

61 (!!!!! 2583.9805603027): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

62 (469.92301940918): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

63 (!!!!! 3224.1344451904): select cover from jos_number where journalid in (5) and cover is not null order by left(issue,2)+right(issue,2)*12 desc limit 1

64 (664.94941711426): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

65 (349.04479980469): SELECT id,name,sponsor_text FROM jos_deeppockets dp left outer join jos_channel_sponsor cs on dp.id=cs.fid WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id=212 ORDER BY `ordering`

66 (494.00329589844): select jos_twitters.link from jos_twitters where cat=10

67 (39.100646972656): select jos_facebook.link from jos_facebook where cat=10

68 (29.802322387695): select jos_google_plus.link from jos_google_plus where cat=10

69 (29.087066650391): select jos_linkedin.link from jos_linkedin where cat=10

70 (32.901763916016): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

71 (156.87942504883): SELECT id,name,sponsor_text FROM jos_deeppockets dp left outer join jos_channel_sponsor cs on dp.id=cs.fid WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id=212 ORDER BY `ordering`

72 (592.94700622559): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294725473 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

73 (405.07316589355): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294725473 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

74 (355.95893859863): SELECT id,name,title FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id != 294743300 AND id != 294743301 AND id != 294743302 AND id != 294743303 AND id != 294743304 AND id != 294743305 AND id != 294743306 AND id != 294743307 AND id != 294743308 AND id != 294743309 AND id != 294743310 AND metakey != 'aacc' ORDER BY `ordering`

75 (566.00570678711): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

76 (82.015991210938): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

77 (179.05235290527): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

78 (36.001205444336): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

79 (133.99124145508): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

80 (150.91896057129): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

81 (125.88500976562): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

82 (67.949295043945): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

83 (158.07151794434): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

84 (642.06123352051): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

85 (40.054321289062): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

86 (36.954879760742): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

87 (40.054321289062): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

88 (39.815902709961): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

89 (521.89826965332): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294725473 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

90 (39.100646972656): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294725473 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

91 (208.13941955566): SELECT id,name,title FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND TYPE='file_folder' AND published=1 AND id != 294743300 AND id != 294743301 AND id != 294743302 AND id != 294743303 AND id != 294743304 AND id != 294743305 AND id != 294743306 AND id != 294743307 AND id != 294743308 AND id != 294743309 AND id != 294743310 AND metakey != 'aacc' ORDER BY `ordering`

92 (!!!!! 8193.9697265625): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

93 (!!!!! 6234.884262085): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

94 (!!!!! 7821.0830688477): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

95 (!!!!! 8083.1050872803): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

96 (!!!!! 7758.8558197021): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

97 (!!!!! 4164.9341583252): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

98 (!!!!! 3881.9313049316): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

99 (836.13395690918): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

100 (46.014785766602): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

101 (!!!!! 6822.8244781494): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

102 (!!!!! 5492.9256439209): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

103 (!!!!! 2448.0819702148): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

104 (!!!!! 1842.0219421387): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

105 (402.92739868164): SELECT show_live FROM jos_com_show_setting LIMIT 1

106 (!!!!! 1478.910446167): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

107 (205.03997802734): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

108 (472.06878662109): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294725473 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

109 (594.8543548584): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294725473 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

110 (!!!!! 2306.9381713867): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

111 (313.99726867676): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

112 (837.08763122559): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.id=294725473 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

113 (620.12672424316): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.id=294725473 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

114 (277.04238891602): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.id=294725472 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

115 (!!!!! 3485.9180450439): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.id=294725472 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

116 (723.12355041504): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex ON ex.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2 ON dp2.id = dp.fid WHERE dp.author != 0 AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND ( (dp.fid = 294743300) OR (dp.fid = 294743301) OR (dp.fid = 294743302) OR (dp.fid = 294743303) OR (dp.fid = 294743304) OR (dp.fid = 294743305) OR (dp.fid = 294743306) OR (dp.fid = 294743307) OR (dp.fid = 294743308) OR (dp.fid = 294743309) OR (dp.fid = 294743310) ) ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1

117 (631.09397888184): SELECT dp.name, dp.id, dp2.name as channel, ex.name as author_name, ex.specialization, ex.images FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as ex ON ex.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as dp2 ON dp2.id = dp.fid WHERE dp.author != 0 AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND ( (dp.fid = 294743300) OR (dp.fid = 294743301) OR (dp.fid = 294743302) OR (dp.fid = 294743303) OR (dp.fid = 294743304) OR (dp.fid = 294743305) OR (dp.fid = 294743306) OR (dp.fid = 294743307) OR (dp.fid = 294743308) OR (dp.fid = 294743309) OR (dp.fid = 294743310) ) ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1

118 (307.08312988281): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

119 (52.928924560547): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

120 (401.97372436523): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

121 (45.061111450195): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

122 (239.13383483887): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

123 (41.961669921875): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

124 (196.93374633789): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

125 (238.18016052246): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

126 (468.01567077637): SELECT * FROM trending_articles WHERE `journal_id` = 10 AND `timestamp` <= NOW() + INTERVAL 7 DAY ORDER BY `order`

127 (!!!!! 54912.090301514): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE jos_deeppockets.cat = 10 AND jos_deeppockets.type = 'deeppockets_item' AND jos_deeppockets.published = 1 AND jos_deeppockets.created + INTERVAL 14 DAY >= NOW() ORDER BY jos_deeppockets.hits DESC LIMIT 7

128 (!!!!! 1981.9736480713): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294725473 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294725473 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1

129 (!!!!! 26637.077331543): ( SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.video != '' AND dp.video_source != '' AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) UNION ( SELECT dpa.id, dpa.name, dpa.title, dpa.video, dpa.video_source, dpa.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa WHERE dpa.video != '' AND dpa.video_source != '' AND dpa.cat = 10 AND dpa.published = 1 AND dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3

130 (322.10350036621): ( SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.video != '' AND dp.video_source != '' AND dp.cat = 10 AND dp.published = 1 AND dp.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) UNION ( SELECT dpa.id, dpa.name, dpa.title, dpa.video, dpa.video_source, dpa.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dpa WHERE dpa.video != '' AND dpa.video_source != '' AND dpa.cat = 10 AND dpa.published = 1 AND dpa.type != 'deeppockets_item_link' ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3 ) ORDER BY created DESC LIMIT 3

131 (423.90823364258): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803337 LIMIT 1

132 (447.98851013184): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803337 LIMIT 1

133 (874.99618530273): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

134 (!!!!! 1176.118850708): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

135 (!!!!! 1330.8525085449): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

136 (!!!!! 2055.1681518555): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets_archive AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294803276 LIMIT 1

137 (472.06878662109): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294802958 LIMIT 1

138 (674.96299743652): SELECT dp.id, dp.name, dp.title, dp.video, dp.video_source, dp.created FROM jos_deeppockets AS dp WHERE dp.id = 294802958 LIMIT 1

139 (316.85829162598): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

140 (279.90341186523): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

141 (41.961669921875): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=212

142 (31.948089599609): SELECT name FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE id=212

143 (653.98216247559): SELECT *, DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up, DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down FROM jos_events WHERE state=1 AND publish_up > NOW() and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))212((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110) ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3

144 (638.00811767578): SELECT *, DATE_FORMAT(publish_up,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_up, DATE_FORMAT(publish_down,'%d %b %Y') AS date_publish_down FROM jos_events WHERE state=1 AND publish_up > NOW() and extra_info REGEXP '((;)|(^))212((;)|($))' AND catid IN (0,110) ORDER BY publish_up ASC LIMIT 3

145 (!!!!! 2720.1175689697): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

146 (!!!!! 6678.8196563721): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

147 (!!!!! 5087.13722229): TRUNCATE TABLE jos_trademed_module

148 (!!!!! 4014.9688720703): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294725473 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

149 (154.01840209961): SELECT dp.*, ch.title as channel, exp.name as author_name, exp.specialization as author_specialization, exp.images as author_photo FROM jos_deeppockets_archive as dp LEFT JOIN jos_experts as exp ON exp.id = dp.author LEFT JOIN jos_deeppockets as ch ON dp.fid = ch.id WHERE 1=1 AND dp.cat=10 AND dp.id=294725473 AND (dp.type='deeppockets_item' OR dp.type='deeppockets_item_link') AND dp.published='1' LIMIT 1

150 (393.15223693848): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

151 (252.00843811035): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND (type='deeppockets_item' OR type='deeppockets_item_link') AND published='1' LIMIT 1

152 (78.916549682617): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

153 (52.928924560547): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

154 (!!!!! 1361.8469238281): SELECT jos_item.* FROM jos_item INNER JOIN jos_number ON jos_item.numberID=jos_number.id WHERE 1=1 AND (jos_item.imgMini<>'') AND jos_item.type='L' AND jos_item.numberID= ( SELECT jos_number.id FROM jos_number WHERE jos_number.journalID IN (10) and jos_number.id in (select distinct jos_number.id from jos_number join jos_item on jos_item.numberid=jos_number.id where jos_item.type='P') ORDER BY (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,1,2),SIGNED) + (CONVERT(SUBSTRING(issue,3,2),SIGNED)*100)) DESC LIMIT 0,1 ) ORDER BY RAND() DESC LIMIT 6

155 (95.844268798828): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

156 (68.187713623047): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

157 (46.968460083008): SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE cat=10 AND id=294725473 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' union SELECT fid FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE cat=10 AND id=294725473 AND type='deeppockets_item' AND published='1' LIMIT 1

158 (37.193298339844): select distinct links.* from jos_textlinks links join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=0 or channel_id is null)

159 (30.040740966797): select distinct links.* from jos_textlinks links join jos_textlinks_placement placement on links.id=placement.link_id where journal_id=(10) and (channel_id=0 or channel_id is null)

160 (33.140182495117): SELECT livesite FROM jos_dp_categories WHERE id=10 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

161 (!!!!! 4542.1123504639): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

162 (110.86463928223): SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' union SELECT * FROM jos_deeppockets_archive WHERE 1=1 AND id=294725473 AND published='1' LIMIT 1

163 (57.93571472168): select jos_twitters.link from jos_twitters where cat=10

164 (30.040740966797): select jos_facebook.link from jos_facebook where cat=10

165 (30.040740966797): select jos_google_plus.link from jos_google_plus where cat=10

166 (27.894973754883): select jos_linkedin.link from jos_linkedin where cat=10

167 (351.90582275391): update jos_bannersmanager_banner set impmade=impmade+1 where id in(14615,14202,14203)

168 (!!!!! 1024.0077972412): insert into jos_banners_delta values (14615,'2025-08-24 07:51:31','216.73.216.171','view'),(14202,'2025-08-24 07:51:31','216.73.216.171','view'),(14203,'2025-08-24 07:51:31','216.73.216.171','view')

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